Sinai insurgency

	Date:  23 February 2011—present (2 years, 4 months, 1 week and 4 days)
Location	Sinai Peninsula, Egypt
Status	On going

Belligerents
1.Egypt 2.Egyptian Armed Forces 3.Central Security Forces 4Egyptian National police	Islamist militants

Commanders and leaders
1. Abdul Fatah Al-Sisi  2.Sami Anan  3.Hussein Tantawi  4.Sedki Sobhi

 

Strength
	1,600

Casualties   and losses
1. Military: 21 killed 2. Police: 7 killed 3.  3 soldiers killed	55 militants killed
5 Egyptian and 7 Israeli civilians killed                                                                             Total: 97-105 killed

Sinai insurgency is a radical Islamist militant activity in Sinai peninsula, initiating in early 2011, as a fallout of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. The actions of those Islamist elements, largely composed of radicals among the local Bedouins, drew a harsh response from interim Egyptian government since mid-2011 as Operation Eagle. However, attacks against government and foreign facilities in the area have continued by mid-2012, resulting in massive crackdown by new Egyptian government nicknamed Operation Sinai. In May 2013, following an abduction of Egyptian officers, the violence in Sinai surged once again.

Background

Following the overthrow of the Egyptian regime of Mubarak in 2011, the country became increasingly destabilized. Radical Islamic elements in the Sinai peninsula exploited the opportunity, using the unique environment of the largely demilitarized Sinai Peninsula, in launching several waves of attacks upon Egyptian military and commercial facilities.

First attacks

First insurgency attacks came sporadically from late February 2011, concentrating on the Arab Gas Pipeline, running into Jordan, Syria and Lebanon and its offshoot from al-Arish to Israel - constantly disrupting Egyptian gas supply to the entire region.

On 30 July, militants staged an attack on an Egyptian police station in El-Arish, killing six.

On 2 August, a group claiming to be the Sinai wing of Al-Qaeda declared its intention to create an Islamic caliphate in the Sinai.

Operation Eagle

In mid-2011, a squad of unrecognized Islamic terrorists infiltrated Israeli border from Sinai, launching coordinated attacks against Israeli military and civilians. Following bloody clashes in the south, Israel accused Palestinian Islamic Jihad in Gaza and launched retaliation attack, escalating the tension with Palestinian militants.

On 5 August 2012, a group of armed men ambushed an Egyptian military base in the Sinai Peninsula, killing 16 Egyptian soldiers and stealing two Egyptian armored cars, and then infiltrated into Israel. The attackers rammed through the Kerem Shalom border crossing in Israel, while one of the vehicles exploded. The attackers then engaged in a firefight with soldiers of the Israel Defense Forces, and six attackers were killed during the firefight. No Israelis were injured. The attackers were dressed as Bedouins and attacked with guns and rocket-propelled grenades. 35 attackers took part in this attack on the Egyptian base.

Operation Sinai

August 2012 attack on Egyptian armed forces triggered a crackdown, led by the Egyptian Army, Police special forces and the Air Force, sweeping Sinai from Jihadist terrorist militants. During the operation 32 militants and suspects killed, 38 arrested; while 2 civilians were killed (by early September 2012).

On May 2013, a number of Egyptian Army police officers were taken hostage by armed tribesmen in the Sinai peninsula, with their videos released on the internet begging for their lives. As a response, Egypt’s government had built up security forces in northern Sinai as part of an effort to secure the release of six policemen and a border guard kidnapped by suspected militants. On 20-21 May, Egyptian troops and police, backed by helicopter gunships, conducted a sweep through a number of villages in northern Sinai, along the border with Israel. The officials said the forces came under fire from gunmen in vehicles, triggering the clashes. The clashes left one gunman dead by 21 May. The hostages were released on 22 May after talks between the captors and Bedouins. One suspect in the kidnapping was arrested on 30

May 2013

Sudan internal conflict

	Date: 19 May 2011 – ongoing (2 years, 1 month and 1 week)

Belligerents
1. Sudan People's Armed Forces 2.Anti-SPLA Forces	1. Sudan Revolutionary Front 2.Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North 3.Justice and Equality Movement 4.Sudan Liberation Army Supported by: 1. Ethiopia (alleged)

Commanders and leaders
1.Omar al Bashir 2.Ibrahim Balandiya	1.Aabdel aziz-Hilu 2.Malik Agar 3.Khalil ibrahim
Strength
200,000		45,000 SPLM-N 35,000 JEM

Casualties and losses
4,109-5,000 killed 479-Thousands wounded 179 confirmed captured 405 vehicles destroyed 746	704 rebels killed

1,500 killed overall (by September 2011; UN claim) 643 killed overall (by October 2012; government claim)

The Sudan internal conflict is an ongoing conflict in the early 2010s between the Army of Sudan and the Sudan Revolutionary Front, particularly the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N), a northern affiliate of the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movementin South Sudan. The conflict started as a dispute over the oil-rich region of Abyei in the months leading up to South Sudanese independence, though it is also related to the nominally resolved war in Darfur. The conflict is estimated to affect a total of 1.4 million people, and to have displaced over 200,000 people.

In early September 2011, Sudanese forces clashed with the SPLM-N in Blue Nile state, seizing control of the state capital of Ad-Damazinand ousting Governor Malik Agar, the leader of the SPLM-N's Blue Nile branch. Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) militants allied with the SPLM-N marched into the state of North Kordofan in December 2011, sparking confrontations with the Sudanese military that led to the death of the JEM's leader, Khalil Ibrahim. The spread of the conflict has sparked concerns that the fighting could lead to a third Sudanese civil war.

Background

Although South Kordofan is north of the international border separating Sudan and South Sudan, many of its residents (particularly in theNuba Mountains) identify with the South. Many residents fought on the side of southern rebels during the long civil war.

South Kordofan was not allowed to participate in the January 2011 referendum to create South Sudan, and the "popular consultation" process they were promised also failed to take place.

Tensions rose around the status of the Abyei Area, an oil-rich region that was statutorily part of both South Kordofan and Northern Bahr el Ghazal states, in May 2011 ahead of South Sudan's scheduled independence. As South Kordofan was slated to remain with the North while Northern Bahr el Ghazal was seceding together with the rest of what was then Southern Sudan, the status of Abyei was unclear, and both Khartoum and Juba claimed the area as their own.

The conflict is widely viewed as connected to the 2012 South Sudan–Sudan border conflict.

Liberal Wars

Date	1828 to 1834
Location	Portugal
Result	Liberal victory, Concession of Evoramonte: Constitutional monarchy is restored. Dom Miguel renounces all his claims to the throne and goes into exile.

Belligerents
1.Portugal supporting Maria II Supported by: 2.United Kingdom 3.Belgian volunteers 4.France (from 1830) 5.Spain (from 1834)	1.Portugal supporting Miguel I Supported by: 1.Spain (until 1833)

Commanders and leaders
1.Dom Pedro 2.Duke of Terceira 3.Marshal Saldanha 4.Charles Napier	1.Dom Miguel 2.Viscount of Montalegre 3.Viscount of Santa Marta 4.Manuel António Marreiros

Liberal Wars

The Liberal Wars, also known as the Portuguese Civil War, the War of the Two Brothers, or Miguelite War, was a war between progressive constitutionalists and authoritarian absolutists in Portugal over royal succession that lasted from 1828 to 1834. Embroiled parties included Portugal, Portuguese rebels, the United Kingdom, France, the Catholic Church and Spain.

Roots of the conflict

 Great Britain holds the crown of Miguel on his head, who is supported by France while an upset Pedro crosses his arms

The death of King João VI in 1826 created a dispute over royal succession. While Dom Pedro, the Emperor of Brazil, was the king's oldest son, his younger brother Miguel contended that Pedro had forfeited his claim to the throne by declaring Brazilian independence. Pedro briefly assumed the title of Dom Pedro IV of Portugal. Neither the Portuguese nor the Brazilians wanted a unified monarchy; consequently, Pedro abdicated the Portuguese crown in favor of his daughter, Dona Maria da Glória, a child of seven, on the condition that when of age she would marry Miguel. In April 1826, as part of the succession settlement, Pedro revised the constitution granted in 1822, the first constitution of Portugal, and left the throne to Maria, with his sister Isabella Maria as regent.

A new constitution

In the Portuguese Constitutional Charter, Pedro attempted to reconcile absolutists and liberals by allowing both factions a role in the government. Unlike the Constitution of 1822, this new document established four branches of government. The Legislature was divided into two chambers. The upper chamber, the Chamber of Peers, was composed of life and hereditary peers and clergy appointed by the king. The lower chamber, the Chamber of Deputies, was composed of 111 deputies elected to four-year terms by the indirect vote of local assemblies, which in turn were elected by a limited suffrage of male tax-paying property owners. Judicial power was exercised by the courts; executive power by the ministers of the government; and moderative power by the king, who held an absolute veto over all legislation.

Falklands War

Date	2 April  – 14 June 1982 (2 months, 1 week and 5 days)
Location	Falkland Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and surrounding sea and airspace
Result	British victory 1.status quo ante bellum in South Georgia and the Falklands 2.Argentine occupation of Southern Thule ended Collapse of the military junta in Argentina 3.Consolidation of the Conservative Party Government, led by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, in the United Kingdom

The Falklands War , also known as the Falklands Conflict or Falklands Crisis, was a 1982 war between Argentina and the United Kingdom. The conflict resulted from the long-standing dispute over the sovereignty of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which lie in the South Atlantic, east of Argentina.

The Falklands War began on Friday 2 April 1982, when Argentine forces invaded and occupied the Falkland Islands and South Georgia. The British government dispatched a naval task force to engage the Argentine Navy and Air Force, and retake the islands by amphibious assault. The resulting conflict lasted 74 days and ended with the Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982, which returned the islands to British control. During the conflict, 649 Argentine military personnel, 255 British military personnel and 3 Falkland Islanders died.

The conflict was the result of a protracted historical confrontation regarding the sovereignty of the islands. Argentina has asserted that the Falkland Islands have been Argentinian territory since the 19th century and, as of 2013, has not relinquished the claim. The claim was added to the Argentine constitution after its reformation in 1994. As such, the Argentine government characterised their initial invasion as the re-occupation of their own territory, whilst the British government saw it as an invasion of a British dependent territory. However, neither state officially declared war and hostilities were almost exclusively limited to the territories under dispute and the local area of the South Atlantic.

The conflict had a strong impact in both countries. Patriotic sentiment ran high in Argentina, but the outcome prompted large protests against the ruling military government, which hastened its downfall. In the United Kingdom, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's government was bolstered by the successful outcome. The war has played an important role in the culture of both countries, and has been the subject of several books, scholarly articles, films, and songs. Over time, the cultural and political weight of the conflict has had less effect on the British public than on that of Argentina, where the war is still a topic of discussion.

Relations between the United Kingdom and Argentina were restored in 1989 following a meeting in Madrid, at which the two governments issued a joint statement which explicitly did not change either side's position on sovereignty.